引用本文: 张超，王晶，刘浩，彭华. 爱尔兰奶业发展现状. 草业科学, 2019, 36(10): 2674-2683. doi: shu

Citation: ZHANG C, WANG J, LIU H, PENG H. The current situation of the Irish dairy industry. Pratacultural Science, 2019, 36(10): 2674-2683. doi: shu

爱尔兰奶业发展现状

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zhongguonongyekexueyuannongyexinxiyanjiusuo，beijing 100081

作者简介: 张超(1983-)，男，甘肃灵台人，助理研究员，硕士，主要从事畜牧业经济研究。E-mail: zhangchao02@caas.cn;

通讯作者: 彭华, penghua@caas.cn

摘要: 爱尔兰位于欧洲西部爱尔兰岛的中南部，农业发展自然条件优越，草地面积广阔，在北大西洋暖流的影响下，气候温和湿润，全年冬无至寒、夏无炙热，非常适宜草食动物养殖业发展。近年来，爱尔兰奶业发展取得了显著成绩，规模化水平逐渐提高，奶牛数量不断增加；生鲜乳产量显著增加，以优质优价为核心的生鲜乳定价制度不断完善；乳制品加工业高度发达，人均乳制品消费量居欧盟乃至世界前列；乳制品贸易净出口增幅明显，出口品种丰富；奶业生产、贸易等产业支持政策十分完善。爱尔兰奶业发展为我国奶业发展提供了一定的借鉴经验，建议我国进一步完善奶业利益联结机制，探索生鲜乳价格形成机制，鼓励养殖环节发展乳品加工，提升奶业社会服务水平。

关键词:

English

The current situation of the Irish dairy industry

agricultural information institute of chinese academy of agricultural sciences, beijing 100081, china

Corresponding author: Hua PENG, penghua@caas.cn

Received Date: 2019-08-26
Available Online: 2019-10-01

Abstract: Ireland is located on the central and southern parts western Europe. It has a superior natural environment for agricultural development along with a vast area of grassland. Under the influence of the North Atlantic warm current, the climate is mild and humid. Winters are not extremely cold and summers are not extremly hot. The environment is very suitable for animal husbandry. In recent years, the Irish dairy industry has made remarkable achievements with a gradual improvement in the scale level and the rising number of dairy cows. The production of fresh milk has increased significantly, and the pricing system of high-quality fresh milk has constantly improved as well. The dairy processing industry is highly developed, and the per capita consumption of dairy products is at the forefront of the European Union and even the world. A remarkable increase in the net export of a wide variety of dairy products has been observed. The supporting policies related to dairy production, trade, and other industries are perfect. The development of the Irish dairy industry has provided some experience for the development of the sairy industry in our country. It is suggested that our country should improve the mechanism of interest linkage of the dairy industry, explore the mechanism of pricing system of fresh milk, encourage the development of dairy processing in the aquaculture sector, and improve the level of social service of the dairy industry.

Key words:

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BG视讯

图 1 爱尔兰奶牛存栏量及养殖场数量

Figure 1. BG视讯 Dairy cattle stocks and farms in Ireland

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图 2 爱尔兰生鲜乳产量及单产水平

Figure 2. Milk production and yield in Ireland

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图 3 2015 – 2019年爱尔兰生鲜乳产量

Figure 3. Fresh milk production in Ireland from 2015 to 2019

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图 4 爱尔兰不同制度下生鲜乳价格

Figure 4. Cow Milk Prices under different pricing systems in Ireland

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图 5 爱尔兰乳制品产量

Figure 5. BG视讯 Irish dairy production

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图 6 爱尔兰鲜奶销售量及销售价格

Figure 6. Sales volume and price of fresh milk in Ireland

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图 7 爱尔兰乳制品出口量

Figure 7. BG视讯 Irish dairy exports

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图 8 2000–2018年爱尔兰乳制品出口量比例

Figure 8. BG视讯 The proportion of Irish dairy exports in 2000–2018

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表 1 BG视讯 2016年爱尔兰农业用地情况

Table 1. Agricultural Land Use in Ireland in 2016

× 10⁴ hm²
地区 Region	农业用地 Agricultural area used	公共用地 Commonage	粗糙放牧 Rough grazing	草原 Grassland	谷物用地 Cereals	其他 Other
全国 State	488.4	42.8	1.6	408.8	28.0	7.1
边境、中部和西部 Border, midland and western	224.5	28.0	0.8	188.8	5.6	1.4
边境 Border	85.2	10.7	0.5	71.3	2.2	0.6
中部 Midland	44.8	0.2	0.1	41.0	2.9	0.6
西部 West	94.4	17.1	0.3	76.5	0.5	0.1
南部和东部 Southern and Eastern	263.9	14.8	0.9	220.1	22.4	5.7
中东部和都柏林 Mid-East and Dublin	46.6	3.1	0.1	33.2	8.1	2.2
中西部 Mid-West	56.0	0.8	0.1	54.1	0.8	0.2
东南部 South-East	72.3	2.6	0.1	57.8	9.5	2.3
西南部 South-West	89.0	8.4	0.6	74.9	4.1	1.1
数据来源 Sources: Farm Structure Survey 2016.

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表 2 爱尔兰奶牛养殖规模变化情况

Table 2. BG视讯 Changes in the Irish dairy farming scale

年度 Year	奶牛存栏 Dairy cattle stocks/(× 10⁴ head)	奶牛场数 Dairy cattle farms	养殖规模/(头·场^–1) Farming scale/(heads·farm^–1)
2000	117.75	–	–
2005	105.51	–	–
2010	107.08	18 295	59
2015	129.58	17 600	74
2016	139.79	17 000	82
2017	143.27	17 000	84
数据来源 Sources: FAOSTAT and Annual Report(2007 – 2017).

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表 3 2018年爱尔兰乳制品贸易情况

Table 3. BG视讯 Dairy trade in Ireland in 2018

乳制品 Dairy product	出口量 Export volume/(× 10⁴ t)	出口额 Export value/(× 10⁸ USD)	进口量 Import volume/(× 10⁴ t)	进口额 Import value/(× 10⁸ USD)
鲜奶 Milk	14.6	1.26	76.96	3.21
奶粉 Milk Powder	19.44	4.44	5.32	0.88
酸奶 Yoghourt	2.52	0.64	6.39	0.9
乳清 Whey	9.00	1.38	3.30	0.61
黄油 Butter	21.87	12.91	0.89	0.41
奶酪 Cheese	22.53	9.67	6.95	2.89
婴幼儿配方奶粉 Baby formula	15.26	12.22	2.21	0.87
合计 Total	105.22	42.52	102.03	9.77
数据来源 Sources: http://comtrade.un.org